{"answers":{"affected":"6 open source packages ship an affected version, including actionpack. It affects 3 products.","exploited":"It is not confirmed as exploited in the wild, but public exploit code for CVE-2016-2098 exists.","fix":"Upgrade actionpack to a fixed version for your release line: 3.2.22.2, 4.1.14.2 or 4.2.5.2.","what":"CVE-2016-2098 is a high-severity code injection vulnerability in Debian Debian Linux, published on 7 Apr 2016. An attacker can exploit it over the internet without logging in, with no action from the victim."},"fix_prompt":"Check this codebase for CVE-2016-2098 and fix it if it is affected.\n\nWhat it is: CVE-2016-2098 is a high-severity code injection vulnerability in Debian Debian Linux, published on 7 Apr 2016. An attacker can exploit it over the internet without logging in, with no action from the victim.\nExploitation: It is not confirmed as exploited in the wild, but public exploit code for CVE-2016-2098 exists.\n\nAffected packages and fixed versions:\n- actionpack (RubyGems): affected from 3.0.0; fixed in 3.2.22.2\n- actionpack (RubyGems): affected from 3.0.0; fixed in 3.2.22.2\n- actionpack (RubyGems): affected from 4.0.0; fixed in 4.1.14.2\n- actionpack (RubyGems): affected from 4.0.0; fixed in 4.1.14.2\n- actionpack (RubyGems): affected from 4.2.0; fixed in 4.2.5.2\n- actionpack (RubyGems): affected from 4.2.0; fixed in 4.2.5.2\n\nTask:\n1. Search the dependency manifests and lockfiles (for example package.json, package-lock.json, requirements.txt, poetry.lock, uv.lock, pom.xml, build.gradle, go.mod, Cargo.lock, Gemfile.lock) and any Dockerfiles for the affected packages, including transitive dependencies.\n2. If an affected version is in use, upgrade it to the fixed version for its release line with the project's package manager, so the lockfile is regenerated. Prefer the smallest upgrade that fixes it.\n3. If there is no fix, or the upgrade would break the build, do not guess: explain the risk and the safest workaround instead.\n4. Run the tests and summarise what changed and why.\n5. If nothing in the project is affected, say so and change nothing.\n\nReference: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2016-2098/ (Markdown: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2016-2098/index.md)","id":"CVE-2016-2098","markdown":"https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2016-2098/index.md","name":"CVE-2016-2098","record":{"aliases":["DEBIAN-CVE-2016-2098","GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g","SUSE-SU-2016:0867-1","openSUSE-SU-2024:10057-1"],"analysis":{"component_type":"library","fix_type":"upgrade","impacts":["code_execution"],"network_reachable":"yes","non_default_config":true,"product_category":"Ruby on Rails","requires_auth":"none","summary":"Remote attackers can execute arbitrary Ruby code in Rails applications that improperly use the render method without restrictions.","user_interaction":"not_required","vuln_class":"code_injection"},"analysis_generated_by":"qwen3.8-flash-next","assigner":"redhat","cpe":[{"product":"debian_linux","vendor":"debian"},{"product":"rails","vendor":"rubyonrails"},{"product":"ruby_on_rails","vendor":"rubyonrails"}],"cvss":{"score":7.3,"severity":"high","source":"nvd","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L","version":"3.0"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-20","name":"Improper Input Validation"}],"description":"Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.","ecosystems":["RubyGems","SUSE:Enterprise Storage 2.1","SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6","openSUSE:Tumbleweed"],"exploits":{"exploitdb":1,"first_seen":"2016-03-01","github_poc":12,"max_poc_stars":16,"metasploit":1,"nuclei":0,"refs":[{"date":"2018-02-09T16:16:08Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/0x00-0x00/CVE-2016-2098","stars":16,"title":"Ruby On Rails unrestricted render() exploit"},{"date":"2021-08-31T15:25:41Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/j4k0m/CVE-2016-2098","stars":4,"title":"Remote code execution vulnerability in Ruby-on-Rails when using render on user-supplied data."},{"date":"2016-03-01T17:45:29Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/hderms/dh-CVE_2016_2098","stars":3,"title":"Proof of concept showing how CVE-2016-2098 leads to remote code execution"},{"date":"2020-07-27T11:38:48Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/DanielHemmati/CVE-2016-2098-my-first-exploit","stars":2,"title":"This exploit is remote code execution vulnerability in Ruby-on-Rails when using render on user-supplied data"},{"date":"2022-09-24T22:58:04Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/Shakun8/CVE-2016-2098","stars":2,"title":"CVE-2016-2098 POC"},{"date":"2016-06-07T12:59:31Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/CyberDefenseInstitute/PoC_CVE-2016-2098_Rails42","stars":1,"title":"A PoC of CVE-2016-2098 (rails4.2.5.1 / view render)"},{"date":"2017-01-25T23:42:31Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/Alejandro-MartinG/rails-PoC-CVE-2016-2098","stars":1,"title":"Proof of concept CVE-2016-2098"},{"date":"2018-06-19T07:05:51Z","kind":"github_poc","ref":"https://github.com/its-arun/CVE-2016-2098","stars":1,"title":"CVE-2016-2098 simple POC written in bash"}],"tier":"weaponised"},"has_fix":true,"headline":"actionpack allows remote code execution via application's unrestricted use of render method","id":"CVE-2016-2098","indexable":true,"kev":null,"kind":"cve","links":{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","product":"debian:debian_linux","products":["debian:debian_linux","rubyonrails:rails"],"type":"code_injection","year":"2016"},"n_packages":9,"n_references":12,"next":{"headline":"Use after free in n/a","id":"CVE-2016-2099"},"packages":[{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","fixed":["3.2.22.2"],"introduced":["3.0.0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"actionpack","purl":null,"source":"GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g"},{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","fixed":["3.2.22.2"],"introduced":["3.0.0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack","source":"GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g"},{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","fixed":["4.1.14.2"],"introduced":["4.0.0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"actionpack","purl":null,"source":"GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g"},{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","fixed":["4.1.14.2"],"introduced":["4.0.0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack","source":"GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g"},{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","fixed":["4.2.5.2"],"introduced":["4.2.0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"actionpack","purl":null,"source":"GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g"},{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","fixed":["4.2.5.2"],"introduced":["4.2.0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack","source":"GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g"},{"ecosystem":"SUSE:Enterprise Storage 2.1","fixed":["4.2.2-8.1"],"introduced":["0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"rubygem-actionview-4_2","purl":"pkg:rpm/suse/rubygem-actionview-4_2\u0026distro=SUSE%20Enterprise%20Storage%202.1","source":"SUSE-SU-2016:0867-1"},{"ecosystem":"SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6","fixed":["4.2.2-8.1"],"introduced":["0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"rubygem-actionview-4_2","purl":"pkg:rpm/suse/rubygem-actionview-4_2\u0026distro=SUSE%20OpenStack%20Cloud%206","source":"SUSE-SU-2016:0867-1"},{"ecosystem":"openSUSE:Tumbleweed","fixed":["5.0.0.1-1.1"],"introduced":["0"],"last_affected":[],"package":"rubygem-actionview-4_2","purl":"pkg:rpm/opensuse/rubygem-actionview-4_2\u0026distro=openSUSE%20Tumbleweed","source":"openSUSE-SU-2024:10057-1"}],"prev":{"headline":"actionview contains Path Traversal vulnerability","id":"CVE-2016-2097"},"products":["n/a"],"published":"2016-04-07","related":[{"cvss_score":10,"headline":"ProFTPD Improper Access Control","id":"CVE-2015-3306","kev_date_added":"2026-10-08","published":"2015-05-18"},{"cvss_score":9.9,"headline":"RoundCube Webmail Deserialization of Untrusted Data","id":"CVE-2025-49113","kev_date_added":"2026-02-20","published":"2025-06-02"},{"cvss_score":9.8,"headline":"GNU InetUtils Argument Injection","id":"CVE-2026-24061","kev_date_added":"2026-01-26","published":"2026-01-21"},{"cvss_score":9.8,"headline":"Linux Kernel Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions","id":"CVE-2025-39682","kev_date_added":"2026-09-18","published":"2025-09-05"},{"cvss_score":9.8,"headline":"Mozilla Firefox Use-After-Free","id":"CVE-2024-9680","kev_date_added":"2024-10-15","published":"2024-10-09"},{"cvss_score":9.8,"headline":"RARLAB UnRAR Directory Traversal","id":"CVE-2022-30333","kev_date_added":"2022-08-09","published":"2022-05-09"},{"cvss_score":9.8,"headline":"Roundcube Webmail SQL Injection","id":"CVE-2021-44026","kev_date_added":"2023-06-22","published":"2021-11-19"}],"sources":[{"class":"attribution","licence":"CVE Terms of Use (MITRE)","name":"CVE List","prefix":"CVE"},{"class":"attribution","licence":"CC BY 4.0","name":"GitHub Advisory Database","prefix":"GHSA"},{"class":"attribution","licence":"CC BY 4.0","name":"SUSE","prefix":"SUSE"},{"class":"attribution","licence":"CC BY 4.0","name":"SUSE","prefix":"openSUSE"},{"class":"attribution","licence":"US public information, NVD API terms","name":"NVD"},{"class":"attribution","licence":"CWE Terms of Use","name":"CWE (MITRE)"},{"class":"attribution","licence":"FIRST CVSS licence","name":"CVSS (FIRST)"},{"class":"open","licence":"CC0","name":"PoC-in-GitHub"}],"ssvc":{"automatable":null,"exploitation":null,"technical_impact":null},"state":"PUBLISHED","updated":"2024-08-05","vendors":["n/a"]},"summary":"Remote attackers can execute arbitrary Ruby code in Rails applications that improperly use the render method without restrictions.","url":"https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2016-2098/"}