# CVE-2025-0689: Grub2: udf: heap based buffer overflow in grub_udf_read_block() may lead to arbitrary code execution

> A heap-based buffer overflow in GRUB2's UDF module allows arbitrary code execution and secure boot bypass via a crafted filesystem image.

- **Severity:** High 7.8 (`CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`)
- **Exploited in the wild:** Not known
- **Login needed:** Not needed
- **Attackable:** Local or same network only
- **Victim action needed:** A user has to click or open something
- **Fix available:** Yes
- **Published:** 3 Mar 2025
- **Updated:** 21 Oct 2026
- **Also known as:** AZL-57507, AZL-57551, BELL-CVE-2025-0689, CLSA-2026-1771332544, DEBIAN-CVE-2025-0689, GHSA-q7w8-q2f9-vcmh, UBUNTU-CVE-2025-0689

## What is CVE-2025-0689?

CVE-2025-0689 is a high-severity memory corruption vulnerability in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10, published on 3 Mar 2025. It can only be exploited from the same machine or local network, and only if a user opens a file or follows a link.

### Official description

When reading data from disk, the grub's UDF filesystem module utilizes the user controlled data length metadata to allocate its internal buffers. In certain scenarios, while iterating through disk sectors, it assumes the read size from the disk is always smaller than the allocated buffer size which is not guaranteed. A crafted filesystem image may lead to a heap-based buffer overflow resulting in critical data to be corrupted, resulting in the risk of arbitrary code execution by-passing secure boot protections.

Weakness: CWE-120 (Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input)

## Which versions are affected by CVE-2025-0689?

It affects 1 product.


Products: Gnu Grub2.

## How do I fix CVE-2025-0689?

Apply the vendor's patch.

## Is CVE-2025-0689 being exploited?

There is no known exploitation of CVE-2025-0689 in the wild and no public exploit code.

## Other vulnerabilities in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10

- [CVE-2024-56737](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2024-56737/): Memory corruption in GRUB2 (high 8.8)
- [CVE-2022-28733](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2022-28733/): Integer underflow in grub_net_recv_ip4_packets (high 8.1)
- [CVE-2022-28734](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2022-28734/): Out-of-bounds write when handling split HTTP headers (high 8.1)
- [CVE-2025-61662](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-61662/): Grub2: missing unregister call for gettext command may lead to use-after-free (high 7.8)
- [CVE-2024-45782](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2024-45782/): Grub2: fs/hfs: strcpy() using the volume name (fs/hfs.c:382) (high 7.8)

## Fix prompt for AI coding agents

```text
Check this codebase for CVE-2025-0689 and fix it if it is affected.

What it is: CVE-2025-0689 is a high-severity memory corruption vulnerability in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10, published on 3 Mar 2025. It can only be exploited from the same machine or local network, and only if a user opens a file or follows a link.
Exploitation: There is no known exploitation of CVE-2025-0689 in the wild and no public exploit code.

Affected product: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10. No package-level version data is available, so check the vendor advisory linked from the reference page.

Task:
1. Search the dependency manifests and lockfiles (for example package.json, package-lock.json, requirements.txt, poetry.lock, uv.lock, pom.xml, build.gradle, go.mod, Cargo.lock, Gemfile.lock) and any Dockerfiles for the affected packages, including transitive dependencies.
2. If an affected version is in use, upgrade it to the fixed version for its release line with the project's package manager, so the lockfile is regenerated. Prefer the smallest upgrade that fixes it.
3. If there is no fix, or the upgrade would break the build, do not guess: explain the risk and the safest workaround instead.
4. Run the tests and summarise what changed and why.
5. If nothing in the project is affected, say so and change nothing.

Reference: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-0689/ (Markdown: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-0689/index.md)
```

## Sources

- CVE record: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-0689
- NVD: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0689
- OSV: https://osv.dev/vulnerability/CVE-2025-0689

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From sbomify Insights: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-0689/
Summaries are generated and may contain mistakes; the official description above is the record.