CVE-2025-52484 RISC Zero zkVM Underconstrained Vulnerability

What is CVE-2025-52484?

CVE-2025-52484 is a low-severity vulnerability in risc0, published on 20 Jun 2025. An attacker can exploit it over the internet without logging in, with no action from the victim.

Official description

RISC Zero is a general computing platform based on zk-STARKs and the RISC-V microarchitecture. Due to a missing constraint in the rv32im circuit, any 3-register RISC-V instruction (including remu and divu) in risc0-zkvm 2.0.0, 2.0.1, and 2.0.2 are vulnerable to an attack by a malicious prover. The main idea for the attack is to confuse the RISC-V virtual machine into treating the value of the rs1 register as the same as the rs2 register due to a lack of constraints in the rv32im circuit. Rust applications using the risc0-zkvm crate at versions 2.0.0, 2.0.1, and 2.0.2 should upgrade to version 2.1.0. Smart contract applications using the official RISC Zero Verifier Router do not need to take any action: zkVM version 2.1 is active on all official routers, and version 2.0 has been disabled. Smart contract applications not using the verifier router should update their contracts to send verification calls to the 2.1 version of the verifier.

Weakness: CWE-345

Which versions are affected by CVE-2025-52484?

4 open source packages ship an affected version, including risc0-circuit-rv32im and risc0-zkvm.

How do I fix CVE-2025-52484?

Upgrade risc0-circuit-rv32im to 2.0.4 or later.

Is CVE-2025-52484 being exploited?

There is no known exploitation of CVE-2025-52484 in the wild and no public exploit code.

Sources

• CVE record
• NVD
• OSV
• GitHub advisory
• How this page is made

Also known as GHSA-g3qg-6746-3mg9.