# CVE-2025-9961: Authenticated RCE by CWMP binary

> Authenticated attackers can execute arbitrary code on TP-Link AX10 and AX1500 routers via the CWMP binary using a Man-In-The-Middle attack.

- **Severity:** High 8.6 (`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`)
- **Exploited in the wild:** Not known
- **Login needed:** An administrator
- **Attackable:** Over the internet
- **Victim action needed:** Not needed
- **Fix available:** No
- **Published:** 6 Sep 2025
- **Updated:** 26 Feb 2026
- **Also known as:** GHSA-mrm5-v7mh-6mmq

## What is CVE-2025-9961?

CVE-2025-9961 is a high-severity command injection vulnerability in TP-Link Systems Inc. AX10 V1/V1.2/V2/V2.6/V3/V3.6, published on 6 Sep 2025. An attacker needs administrator access to exploit it, with no action from the victim.

### Official description

An authenticated attacker may remotely execute arbitrary code via the CWMP binary on the devices AX10 and AX1500. 

The exploit can only be conducted via a Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack. 

This issue affects AX10 V1/V1.2/V2/V2.6/V3/V3.6: before 1.2.1; AX1500 V1/V1.20/V1.26/V1.60/V1.80/V2.60/V3.6: before 1.3.11.

Weakness: CWE-120 (Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input)

## Which versions are affected by CVE-2025-9961?


## How do I fix CVE-2025-9961?

No fix has been published for CVE-2025-9961 yet. Limit exposure of the affected software until one is available.

## Is CVE-2025-9961 being exploited?

It is not confirmed as exploited in the wild, but public exploit code for CVE-2025-9961 exists.

Public exploit code:

- https://github.com/yt2w/CVE-2025-9961 (github_poc): https://github.com/yt2w/CVE-2025-9961

## Fix prompt for AI coding agents

```text
Check this codebase for CVE-2025-9961 and fix it if it is affected.

What it is: CVE-2025-9961 is a high-severity command injection vulnerability in TP-Link Systems Inc. AX10 V1/V1.2/V2/V2.6/V3/V3.6, published on 6 Sep 2025. An attacker needs administrator access to exploit it, with no action from the victim.
Exploitation: It is not confirmed as exploited in the wild, but public exploit code for CVE-2025-9961 exists.

Affected product: TP-Link Systems Inc. AX10 V1/V1.2/V2/V2.6/V3/V3.6. No package-level version data is available, so check the vendor advisory linked from the reference page.

Task:
1. Search the dependency manifests and lockfiles (for example package.json, package-lock.json, requirements.txt, poetry.lock, uv.lock, pom.xml, build.gradle, go.mod, Cargo.lock, Gemfile.lock) and any Dockerfiles for the affected packages, including transitive dependencies.
2. If an affected version is in use, upgrade it to the fixed version for its release line with the project's package manager, so the lockfile is regenerated. Prefer the smallest upgrade that fixes it.
3. If there is no fix, or the upgrade would break the build, do not guess: explain the risk and the safest workaround instead.
4. Run the tests and summarise what changed and why.
5. If nothing in the project is affected, say so and change nothing.

Reference: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-9961/ (Markdown: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-9961/index.md)
```

## Sources

- CVE record: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-9961
- NVD: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9961
- OSV: https://osv.dev/vulnerability/CVE-2025-9961

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From sbomify Insights: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2025-9961/
Summaries are generated and may contain mistakes; the official description above is the record.