# CVE-2026-49495: Ghidra 10.2 < 12.1 - Denial of Service via Circular Reference in Mach-O Export Trie Parser

> Attackers can crash the Ghidra application by providing a crafted Mach-O binary with circular export trie references, causing an OutOfMemoryError.

- **Severity:** Medium 6.7 (`CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`)
- **Exploited in the wild:** Not known
- **Login needed:** Not needed
- **Attackable:** Local or same network only
- **Victim action needed:** A user has to click or open something
- **Fix available:** No
- **Published:** 10 Jun 2026
- **Updated:** 14 Jul 2026
- **Also known as:** GHSA-wm33-9f68-3vjg

## What is CVE-2026-49495?

CVE-2026-49495 is a medium-severity denial of service vulnerability in nationalsecurityagency ghidra, published on 10 Jun 2026. It can only be exploited from the same machine or local network, and only if a user opens a file or follows a link.

### Official description

Ghidra 10.2 before 12.1 contains an uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability in ExportTrie.parseTrie() that lacks cycle detection when traversing Mach-O binary export tries. A crafted Mach-O binary with circular references in the export trie causes unbounded queue growth and exponential string concatenation, triggering OutOfMemoryError that crashes the entire JVM and loses all unsaved work.

Weakness: CWE-835 (Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition)

## Which versions are affected by CVE-2026-49495?

It affects 1 product.


Products: Nsa Ghidra.

## How do I fix CVE-2026-49495?

No fix has been published for CVE-2026-49495 yet. Limit exposure of the affected software until one is available.

## Is CVE-2026-49495 being exploited?

It is not confirmed as exploited in the wild, but public exploit code for CVE-2026-49495 exists.

## Other vulnerabilities in nationalsecurityagency ghidra

- [CVE-2023-22671](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2023-22671/): Command injection in n/a (critical 9.8)
- [CVE-2019-16941](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2019-16941/): XML external entity in n/a (critical 9.8)
- [CVE-2019-13625](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2019-13625/): XML external entity in n/a (critical 9.1)
- [CVE-2026-4946](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2026-4946/): NSA Ghidra Auto-Analysis Annotation Command Execution (high 8.8)
- [CVE-2026-49498](https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2026-49498/): Ghidra 11.0 < 12.1 - SQL Injection in PostgreSQL Password Change via Unescaped Username (high 8.7)

## Fix prompt for AI coding agents

```text
Check this codebase for CVE-2026-49495 and fix it if it is affected.

What it is: CVE-2026-49495 is a medium-severity denial of service vulnerability in nationalsecurityagency ghidra, published on 10 Jun 2026. It can only be exploited from the same machine or local network, and only if a user opens a file or follows a link.
Exploitation: It is not confirmed as exploited in the wild, but public exploit code for CVE-2026-49495 exists.

Affected product: nationalsecurityagency ghidra. No package-level version data is available, so check the vendor advisory linked from the reference page.

Task:
1. Search the dependency manifests and lockfiles (for example package.json, package-lock.json, requirements.txt, poetry.lock, uv.lock, pom.xml, build.gradle, go.mod, Cargo.lock, Gemfile.lock) and any Dockerfiles for the affected packages, including transitive dependencies.
2. If an affected version is in use, upgrade it to the fixed version for its release line with the project's package manager, so the lockfile is regenerated. Prefer the smallest upgrade that fixes it.
3. If there is no fix, or the upgrade would break the build, do not guess: explain the risk and the safest workaround instead.
4. Run the tests and summarise what changed and why.
5. If nothing in the project is affected, say so and change nothing.

Reference: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2026-49495/ (Markdown: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2026-49495/index.md)
```

## Sources

- CVE record: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-49495
- NVD: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49495
- OSV: https://osv.dev/vulnerability/CVE-2026-49495

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From sbomify Insights: https://insights.sbomify.com/CVE-2026-49495/
Summaries are generated and may contain mistakes; the official description above is the record.