CVE-2026-54891 Plaintext APPLICATION_DATA injected during TLS handshake delivered to client application post-handshake in ssl
A network attacker can inject unauthenticated plaintext into TLS client connections, causing the application to process it as authenticated data.
- Exploited in the wild
- Not known
- Login needed
- Not needed
- Attackable
- Over the internet
- Victim action needed
- Not needed
- Fix
- Available
What is CVE-2026-54891?
CVE-2026-54891 is a medium-severity vulnerability in Erlang OTP, published on 2 Jul 2026. An attacker can exploit it over the internet without logging in, with no action from the victim.
Official description
Improper Enforcement of Message Integrity During Transmission in a Communication Channel vulnerability in Erlang/OTP ssl (tls_gen_connection module) allows a network-positioned attacker to inject unauthenticated plaintext that the TLS client application later treats as authenticated server data.
The function tls_gen_connection:handle_protocol_record/3 rejects APPLICATION_DATA records that arrive in pre-handshake states when the TLS endpoint acts as a server, but does not apply the same check when the endpoint acts as a client. A network-positioned attacker can send plaintext APPLICATION_DATA records to the client during the handshake. The records are buffered and, once the handshake completes successfully, delivered to the application as if they were authenticated post-handshake data. The attacker cannot observe the client's response or steer the connection, so the impact is limited to blind injection of unauthenticated bytes. The injection window is wider for TLS versions prior to TLS 1.3 than for TLS 1.3.
This vulnerability is associated with program file lib/ssl/src/tls_gen_connection.erl.
TLS 1.3 is affected starting with OTP 22.0, when TLS 1.3 support was added.
This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 before OTP 27.3.4.14, from OTP 28.0 before OTP 28.5.0.3, and from OTP 29.0 before OTP 29.0.3, corresponding to ssl from 5.3.4 before 11.2.12.10, from 11.3 before 11.6.0.3, and from 11.7 before 11.7.3. Whether OTP before OTP 17.0, corresponding to ssl before 5.3.4, is affected is unknown.
Weakness: CWE-924
Which versions are affected by CVE-2026-54891?
It affects 2 products.
Products include Erlang Erlang\/Otp, Erlang Erlang\/Ssl.
How do I fix CVE-2026-54891?
Upgrade to a fixed version.
Is CVE-2026-54891 being exploited?
There is no known exploitation of CVE-2026-54891 in the wild and no public exploit code.
Other vulnerabilities in Erlang OTP
- CVE-2022-37026 Auth bypass in n/a
- CVE-2016-10253 Memory corruption in n/a
- CVE-2026-55953 TLS 1.2 and DTLS client accepts unoffered anonymous cipher suite, bypassing server authentication
- CVE-2026-49759 Stack buffer overflow in SCTP error cause parsing in inet_drv allows remote VM crash
- CVE-2026-58227 TLS/DTLS denial of service via unbounded recursion on cross-signed peer certificate chain
Sources
Also known as DEBIAN-CVE-2026-54891, EEF-CVE-2026-54891, GHSA-gf6r-99xw-6qg6, UBUNTU-CVE-2026-54891.