# GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r: in-toto-golang and in-toto-python have inconsistent negation behavior

> Inconsistent glob negation syntax between Go and Python in-toto libraries allows bypassing artifact verification rules in mixed-implementation pipelines.

- **Severity:** Not scored
- **Exploited in the wild:** Not known
- **Login needed:** Not needed
- **Attackable:** Over the internet
- **Victim action needed:** Not needed
- **Fix available:** Yes
- **Published:** 8 May 2026
- **Also known as:** GO-2026-5547

## What is GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r?

GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r is a vulnerability in github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang, published on 8 May 2026. An attacker can exploit it over the internet without logging in, with no action from the victim.

### Official description

### Impact
_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_

in-toto-golang and in-toto-python both support glob patterns in artifact rules to indicate the artifacts that a rule applies to. Both support negations in character classes to indicate what should *not* be matched, but they used different operators to indicate the negation. in-toto-python uses `!` while in-toto-golang used `^`. A layout authored with the expectations of one implementation can therefore exhibit different behavior in the other implementation.

This impacts users in a specific set of circumstances where two different implementations are used to verify the same layout + attestation bundle at different stages of the same pipeline. As a rule of thumb, we advise using a single implementation across all aspects of a pipeline, from layout creation to pipeline execution and verification to prevent this class of bugs.

### Patches
_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_

in-toto-golang has been updated to use `!` instead of `^` to indicate negation. See https://github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/pull/462. This is part of v0.11.0.

## Which versions are affected by GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r?

3 open source packages ship an affected version, including github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang.


| Package | Ecosystem | Affected | Fixed in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang` | Go | All versions | 0.11.0 |
| `github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang` | Go | All versions | 0.11.0 |
| `github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang` | Go | All versions | 0.11.0 |

## How do I fix GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r?

Upgrade github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang to 0.11.0 or later.

## Is GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r being exploited?

There is no known exploitation of GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r in the wild and no public exploit code.

## Fix prompt for AI coding agents

```text
Check this codebase for GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r and fix it if it is affected.

What it is: GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r is a vulnerability in github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang, published on 8 May 2026. An attacker can exploit it over the internet without logging in, with no action from the victim.
Exploitation: There is no known exploitation of GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r in the wild and no public exploit code.

Affected packages and fixed versions:
- github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang (Go): affected all versions; fixed in 0.11.0
- github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang (Go): affected all versions; fixed in 0.11.0
- github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang (Go): affected all versions; fixed in 0.11.0

Task:
1. Search the dependency manifests and lockfiles (for example package.json, package-lock.json, requirements.txt, poetry.lock, uv.lock, pom.xml, build.gradle, go.mod, Cargo.lock, Gemfile.lock) and any Dockerfiles for the affected packages, including transitive dependencies.
2. If an affected version is in use, upgrade it to the fixed version for its release line with the project's package manager, so the lockfile is regenerated. Prefer the smallest upgrade that fixes it.
3. If there is no fix, or the upgrade would break the build, do not guess: explain the risk and the safest workaround instead.
4. Run the tests and summarise what changed and why.
5. If nothing in the project is affected, say so and change nothing.

Reference: https://insights.sbomify.com/GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r/ (Markdown: https://insights.sbomify.com/GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r/index.md)
```

## Sources

- OSV: https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r

---
From sbomify Insights: https://insights.sbomify.com/GHSA-pmwq-pjrm-6p5r/
Summaries are generated and may contain mistakes; the official description above is the record.